IRIS Recognition System

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    Iris recognition is a method of identifying people based on unique patterns within the ring-shaped region surrounding the pupil of the eye. The iris usually has a brown, blue, grey, or greenish color, with complex patterns that are visible upon close inspection. Because it makes use of a biological characteristic, iris recognition is considered a form of biometric verification. These directions, called the principle components, can be used to reconstruct all of the information within the set and can be tested to which level a test image couples with an image of the training set.



       Principle components with smaller associated magnitudes can often be omitted, as they contribute less to the overall reconstruction of each data element. This allows sufficient representation of the original data set with a reduced set of principle components. Principle components are found by computing the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance matrix associated with the data. Eigenvectors with largest associated eigenvalues are the principle components that describe the most variation in the data set. Principle component coefficients of data elements are found by projecting each datum onto the eigenspace of the covariance matrix.

Recognition Process

     In iris recognition, the identification process is carried out by gathering one or more detailed images of the eye with a sophisticated, high-resolution digital camera at visible or infrared (IR) wavelengths, and then using a specialized computer program called a matching engine to compare the subject's iris pattern with images stored in a database. The matching engine can compare millions of images per second with a level of precision comparable to conventional fingerprinting or digital finger scanning.





















Operation:

         The iris is the externally visible, colored ring around the pupil. It is a physical feature of a human being that can be measured and thus used for biometric verification or identification through the process of iris recognition. The human iris is well protected, as although it is externally visible, it is an internal part of the eye. It is not genetically determined (which means that genetically identical eyes, e.g. the right and left eye of any given individual, have unrelated iris patterns) and it is believed to be stable throughout life (barring accidents and surgical operations). 
      
       Iris patterns are both highly complex and unique (the chance of two irises being identical is estimated at 1 in 10 to the power of 78 making them very well-suited for biometric identification. The figure shows the typical image of Iris.

       An iris scan is a high-quality photograph of the iris taken under near-infrared (near-IR) illumination. Though visible light can also be used to illuminate the eye, darkly pigmented irises reveal more pattern complexity under near-IR light. 
      Iris recognition systems generally use narrow-angle cameras and ask the user to position their eyes correctly in the camera’s field of view. The resulting photograph is analyzed using algorithms to locate the iris and extract feature information, in order to create a biometric template or ‘Iris Code’.

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